Social Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Contract - Essay Example Yet a system of recognized rules and specific regulatory procedures for dealing with unacceptable behavior is needed to prevent violence, exploitation, and pollution. Society would be more guarded and untrusting, since there is no recourse if someone wrongs you. The goal of the legal system is to have consequences that apply to everyone to keep order and fairness, while avoiding vigilantism and corruption. There are different avenues an individual can take if they are suspected of committing a crime. Laws are sometimes enforced unevenly, creating distrust among groups of people who are over represented in the jail system. The people who run the justice system are bound to make errors in judgment or receive inaccurate facts- from the police to lawyers, judges and jurors, and politician. This does not mean the entire system should be eliminated or ignored, but that you as an individual should act within the law or work to change the law with elected officials. You do this because if you were to be the victim of a robbery or reckless driving, you would want the responsible party to have consequences and pay restitution in some way. Living in a society in which most other people follow the law, and those that don't are usually punished, enforces the social contract an individ

3 Iron korean movie summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3 Iron korean movie summary - Essay Example One day, Tae-suk sneaked into a house which had numerous photos of a beautiful model, adorning its walls. In the house he eats, then washes up and does some repairs. During this process Tae-Suk realizes that, he is being watched by the owner of the house who is a woman. The woman is Sun-hwa (Lee Seung-yeaon), and Tae-suk quickly recognizes that she is the model appearing in the photos adorning the walls of the house. With a closer look, Tae-suk realizes that Sun-hwa is badly bruised and suspects that it is all as a result of domestic violence. Tae-suk’s suspicions are confirmed when he returns home later that evening and finds Sun-hwa being slapped around by her husband Min-Kyo (GweonHyeok-ho). This makes Tae-suk angry as he impulsively bursts into the house and grabs a golf-club, and then uses it to beat up Min-kyo. Moments later Tae-suk elopes with Sun-hwa as they ride on his scooter. Sun-hwa silently joins in him in his existence as squatter which eventually blossoms into a love

Product Feature For Whittakers Products

Product Feature For Whittakers Products Whittakers the major chocolate manufacturer and the only fully owned New Zealand Company. It is the second biggest chocolate brand in New Zealand. It has dark peanuts slab, processing of beans includes human involvement. There is no solid milk in this chocolate. Whittaker forwards its quality using pure cocoa butter and cocoa milk. Product feature for Whittakers products:- Dark chocolate has always been best seller for company by setting a trend or a saga of taste. Its high quality cocoa beans and it is family sized blocks of chocolate having 72% dark Ghana chocolate. It is popular in KIWI people of New Zealand because Whittaker is KIWI owned company and has been one of the good competitors. Its vegan preparation add features in this chocolates Product Support for Whittakers products:- The product support for the Whittaker chocolates are, contact centre details, other elements like phone number, email communication and customer support details. Also, retailers always have taken Whittakers as the most appreciable manufacturer of market for its quality and long term appreciation of customers. Internet is also play a crucial for product support because it is ultra-modern and technology. It has the pages on Facebook, LinkedIn, @twitter, web pages and other blogs. Product differentiation for Whittakers products:- If compared with other big market players like Nestle, Ferro and Cadbury the range of products at Whittakers is unmatchable. If we talk about differentiation, as we know there are 33% cocoa in this chocolate and only 21% cocoa in Cadbury chocolate. All the cocoa for Whittaker comes from Ghana and Madagascar. All are gluten free as comparison to other companies. 4 recommendations to make improvement in marketing mix:- 1):- The cost factor should be sized on the bases of customer purchasing capacity in addition to quality of product. It seems rich chocolate for riches. 2):-Company should take steps to raise their market in Asian countries for their certain development towards international marketing. 3):-Quality no doubt is the prime factor for any product of a company to survive long in the market however availability of the sale is rather more important. For an example if a person sitting in foreign country wishes to taste the product of Whittakers needs to shell out extra cents to purchase it via internet. 4):-Local existence in different markets is very important for company as the positivity of its being a Kiwi company is turning towards negativity as a large mass of consumers is still unaware of this brand name. Answer to Question No. 2: Below is the detailed study of 4 different pricing strategies at Whittakers namely: Value Based Pricing Competition based Pricing Differential Pricing Bundle Pricing Value-Based Pricing:-The strategies to put price first as a primary factor and not the exclusive is Value-based pricing. Whittakers set its pricing lesser as a tag of profitability and more as a cost to quality. The price for Whittakers seems higher if compared with any foreign brand. The Creamy Milk product of Whittakers has a direct competitor in global market i.e. Dairy Milk form Cadbury. KIWI mostly people prefer to go for Whittaker for its purity and vegan .So it goes with Whittakers also, they set the price as not to earn the profit only but to keep the clientele attached with brand furthermore. Competition-based Pricing: Whittaker follow the steps to stay longer in the market via setting the price of goods in accordance with the price of similar products (already existing or newly launched).As we know very well, Whittaker chocolates are liked by KIWI people not only of its pricing but also their quality in chocolates. According to marketing manager of Whittaker, cocoa butter is more expensive but still they are selling chocolates on normal price which is beneficial for company output as comparison to other company cocoa like Cadbury. Differential Pricing: On the basis of differential pricing, Whittaker chocolates can promote and sell their products through coupons, mega sales, price rebates and distribution outlet. Also its depending on demographics or customer distinctions like age, lifestyles, status, and income. Moreover, on the basis of competitors and market research and pricing of others companies is beneficial. Bundle Pricing: Company can sell their product by increasing the volume of products in bucket and sale their product on normal prices. Everyone like the bundle products near to festivals like Christmas and for gift to anyone. They can down their prices near to festivals for customer attractions and for some profit. it differentiate the competition by providing a surplus to the range of customers through offering the bundle of products in a package. 4 other basis of pricing to improve the mix of marketing:- Whittakers should expand their business on global strategies maintain their price and strategies to compete other chocolates company like NESTLE, Hershey and Cadbury etc. Offering the cost effectiveness delivery to customers with good quality is required to improvement. In bundle pricing, the company should start with services like appreciation to customers or provide token and coupons that will boost the sales. Company can include the references of all social contributions to the society because customers will earn the references and raise the emotional factor in the heart of purchaser. Answer to Question No. 3: Advertisement: on the basis of advertisement effectiveness, Whittakers scored on the prospect of advertising can be scored 10/ 10. They motivates the customers by advertisement on Social sites like Facebook, linked, @twitter helping a lot to promote the products of Whittaker chocolates. Even the other ways like television, print media and radio are also been adopted by this company to grab more attentions. Public Relation: the word of mouth is also known as variant of marketing. Same as doing by Whittaker Company. They give first preference to public relations because majority of companies taken activity into action for its customers.it is called jargoned word of mouth, technical or tailored to a product. It becomes very important to entertain that Whittaker is doing well in. Consumer Promotions: Customers loyalty is preferred by company in consumer promotion in which consumers having long term relations with company. The other way to promote are sampling, contests, money Refunds, packaging, loyalty schemes and exhibitions to attract the customers attentions. 4 promotional tools for attracting customers to purchase Whittakers products instead of other brands: As a thumb rule of business promotion i.e. the advertisement like television promos at a grand level to explore the potential company should increase the diameters from country basis to global basis and should go for the television promos at a grand level to explore the potential market or customers across the world. Whittakers should design promotional campaigns in other countries according to their regional language at the world level. We can promote the product on you tube videos and on created pages of Facebook, twitter so that everyone who liked the paged on Facebook or on twitter can see the new flavour or existing product of chocolate. As Whittakers have justified that its a brand of the KIWI and for the KIWI; should similarly impact the people by interacting their eating, living, purchasing and spending habits with the companys product range. It will convey a message that this brand has a product to treat every sector of people Answer to Question No. 4: Exclusive: Hereby the company has taken much of the exclusiveness of distribution in its own hands. The example for this can be drawn through the website of Whittakers. A wide ranged catalogue covering the entire range of existing products, their descriptions is mentioned along with pictorial representation of product packaging. Selective: Whittakers is a company that explores more of strategy of selective distribution as the products and distributions of the company are for limited area or people. Though it is opposite to an open distribution system but a depicting one for the business nature of the company. This strategy has its own charm as because the area of competition decreases the margin of profit earning increases. Henceforth if a global market player like Cadbury or Nestle which has an open distributions system will not be successful to earn the clientele in business territories of Whittakers as because the impact of Whittakers on KIWIs is century long. A foreign brand cannot afford such a high cost of production by paying international taxes. In case if they try launching a product or product line by compromising slightly with the quality even, the newly customer will built rather more strong interest in their previous brand of chocolate. Intensive: Whitaker though has not it available for entire world through all different means of distribution however it is intensive approach of distribution for the areas where it is popular. Other methods for distributions: Direct Method: the company should start the company should seek for franchisees or their own branch outlets at continental level. Indirect method: by adopting this method the company can reach put to the areas where it already is not having trade currently without losing the authority of decision making. Channel distribution: by adopting this method the company can open its outlets by sharing the business compulsion with local potential natives of foreign lands. Answer to Question No. 5: Product: product quality plays a crucial role in selling of product. If there is good quality .then, everyone likes to buy the product. For example Audi car, people like to buy the Audi because of its high performance and also good looking. Price: Price should be according to the market and the service/product. For BIC the manufacturers of lighters, razors and pens should provide the services of the product at the affordable price to attract more customers. Place: Placement is also play an equal role for company. For example Amway Company sells their product through independent business owners of worldwide. In the India, mostly like to sell their second hand through car agents or dealers. Promotion: companies doing advertisement on radio, television, on social sites like Facebook, yahoo and Other ways like sampling, packaging, branding and coupons for the promotion of product. If we talk about Whittakers chocolate all these things are important. For products, they are using 33% cocoa butter as comparison to Cadbury and affordable price, good placement and promotion. REFRENCES:- New Zealand (2012). New Zealand profile in 2012, retrieved in www.wikipedia.com www.whittaker.co.nz www.wikipedia.com www.answer.com

Corporate Diversity Program :: essays research papers fc

CORPORATE DIVERSITY PROGRAM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My company is one of the leading suppliers and distributors of HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning). We are a rather large company, with approximately one hundred employees, somewhat diverse, and also quite profitable. Recently, I received a memo stating that a diversity program was to be established. Diversity is certain qualities in other people that are different than your own. It could be age, gender, race, ethnic background, or sexual preference. It even includes income, religion, and education. A diversity program is intended to center on issues surrounding work relationships. It is meant to explore the specialties and uniqueness of diverse individuals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The workplace needs all types of diversity. It is said to have a positive effect. We need diversity to become more inventive and open to change. The article â€Å"We’d Love To Hire Them, But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  on page 311 of Ore‘s â€Å"The Social Construction of Difference and Inequalityâ€Å" focuses on race and employment. Evidence from studies suggest that expectations on certain groups can strongly influence job placement. The production of a worker is shaped by relationships with co-workers. Potential and existing employees are not only evaluated by race, but also by their class. This seems to occur less often, only because class is more difficult to distinguish. It is not easily observed, but detected to employers by one’s clothing, educational background, speech, skills, and place of residence. Productivity coincides with social relationships. It seems as though behavior, not only job skills, are closely related to effective communication s between employees and employers. It has also been suggested that good relations between workers causes higher productivity and increased morale and corporate loyalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corporation is defined in the dictionary as an organized body, especially a business, that has been granted a state charter recognizing it as a separate legal entity having its own rights, privileges, and liabilities distinct from those of the individuals within the entity. A corporation can acquire assets, enter into contracts, sue or be sued, and pay taxes in its own name. Corporations issue shares of stock to individuals supplying ownership capital and issue bonds to individuals lending money to the business. The corporation is a desirable organization for a business entity for a variety of reasons including the increased capability such an entity has to raise capital. Most large firms, especially those engaged in manufacturing, are organized as corporations. All stocks sold in the primary market and traded in the secondary market are shares of corporate ownership.

Receptive and Expressive Language in the Classroom Setting Essay

Receptive or expressive language plays a significant role in a typical lesson plan. The efficiency and success of a lesson plan, when implemented in the classroom, is partly dependent on the communicative skills and responsiveness of the students. The lesson plan contains all the learning objectives, activities, and learning outcomes that must be completed by the teacher and the students within a given period of time. In addition, the lesson plan is designed to produce learning and desirable results from the students, as well as the teacher. For this to happen, there is a need for students to apply receptiveness and expressiveness in language. For instance, if the teacher presents the lesson, the students should be receptive or in other words attentive and focused to be able to understand the information presented to them and retain it in their minds. For the teacher to evaluate whether learning took place within the classroom, the students should be able to express and communicate what they have learned through formative tests, and other evaluation techniques administered by the teacher. Students who are not receptive and expressive enough would find it difficult to participate in classroom activities because they may not be able to understand the lesson or they cannot express or communicate their difficulties during the learning phase, thus resulting to unfavorable results during evaluation. When this happens, this means that the lesson plan failed in meeting its objectives of affecting learning and desirable results within the students. For students with communication disorders, it would be best to put them in special education programs that are specifically designed to meet the unique needs of students who are deprived of communication skills. Other alternatives would be to include them in the regular classroom setting, however, making sure that teaching aids and specialized techniques (ex. sign language, mechanized communication programs available through the use of computers, etc. ) are provided and implemented for them to facilitate learning and desirable results despite their condition.

Mr Daniel

Contract is a part of the business transaction. Contract is an agreement between two or more parties each of whom has the intention to create a legal relation to have a lawful object between them. Contract is more used in the partnership business where each party has a common goal, trust one another and a specific time period. IQ . 1 : What are the essential elements of forming a valid contract? Explain the importance of each element by providing relevant legal principles derived from decided cases: An agreement that can be enforced by law is considered as a contract Cones v.Daniel 1894). An agreement is enforceable by law when it fills up certain conditions that are regarded as essential element of valid contract. Essential elements are: Offer and Acceptance, Lawful Consideration, Intention to create Legal Relationship, Certainty: Offer Offer is crucial element for a contract, is very important that the offer to intend to for a term as an expression of willingness to enter in to a c ontract, contract which will became lawful upon acceptance. Gibson V Manchester City Council (1979)1 WALL 294 HAL) Acceptance An acceptance is a willingness that the offered agree to all the terms of the offer has made. Also the acceptance must be ‘mirror image' of the offer. (Day Morris Associates v Voice 2003 COCA civic 189). If the offered try to set up new terms on the offer, this normally is a counter offer which will kill the original offer. (Hyde v Wrench 1840). Lawful Consideration: Consideration is defined as an acts or a promise of a payment or charge or value which is called ‘Consideration' made from promise to the promise or both. Currie v Miser 1875) An agreement should be based on the freedom of contact theory of all parties. Free consent is hampered when coercion, mistake, fraud and misrepresentation are made. Chapel & Co. V Nestle 1960 AC). Intention to create Legal Relationship: A legal relation is created through the agreement that is intended. An agree ment to sell or buy a product is agreement intended to make legal relationship and is therefore contract. A contact may not be valid if the participants they are not intending to create legal relation. (Buffalo v Buffalo 1919).Domestic and Social contracts are not considered to be a legal relation. Cones v Badminton 1966). Also commercial agreements is normally considered that is made in a business context and automatically is an intention to create legal relation. Case: Sees petroleum v Commissioner of customs and Excise 1976). Family agreements can be enforceable if there is a clearly made in to a ‘business connect'(Smelling v John G Smelling Ltd 1973). Certainty As a contract to be valid it must contain terms of the contract and if a important term is hidden that contract will not be lawful.IQ . 2: Describe different types of contract usually undergone in business context. Critically analyze the legal impact of distance selling contract. Sales contracts, Employment contract s, Marketing contracts, Licensing Sales contracts are made between companies to companies and to private errors to a private persons, can be goods or services. Employment contracts is an agreement from employer to employee with terms of payments, benefits, period of business or from persons to business to promote products and services to the general public or to business.Licensing contract is used normally to transfer rights to an individual to be able to licensee goods and services in regime of trade mark. Distance selling contract regulations: sellers give certain basic information to customer, deliver goods within 30 days, and provide customers a right to cancel their order. All business must comply with the ‘Sale of Goods Act' IQ . 3: Analyze the contrasting aspects of different kind of terms generally used in a commercial contract. 200 words The lawfulness of commercial contract based on different kind of terms.These terms are considered as implied and express terms. Four categories of implied terms (Porter v Atonement U. D. CHIC 5) are: Terms Implied by fact: Under this term court believe that both parties of the contract know about the fact. Terms implied in law: Under this term court indicate a specific law of defined type in the contract. That law protects the weaker party in the contract. Terms implied by custom: In this term, local custom is applied on the contract. Terms implied by trade usage: Terms regularly used in contracts within a particular business can be implied on other such contract.Express terms are: a) Oral contract b) Written contract c) Parole evidence role d) Collateral contract There are three types of contractual terms: a) Condition: Major term of contract. Serious consequence occurs when it is broken. (Passwords v Speers and pond 1876) b) Warranties: Under this term an affected party an sue for damage when it is breached but cannot terminate the contract. C) In nominate term: If this type of term is breached serious or negl igible result can occur depending on the particular fact. ‘Implied terms are more sensitive to deal with than express terms in a business contract' – how far would you agree with this comment?In contract implied terms refers to terms that are not directly written in the contract but are introduced into contract by the court or by statute. Express terms are conditions that are directly written and agreed by both parties at the time of contract made. As the terms are not mentioned in the contract, it is more sensible to deal with during conflict than express terms. Task 2: Application of Contracts in Business Situations Q. 1: (a) Green Pharmacy put an advertisement in a trade Journal stating: for the wholesale buyers only, our ‘new moisturizing creams' are now at a special low price of Ole per dozen. Mr. Khan, one of Green Pharmacy trusted vendors, rushed to one of your show room and wanted to place a large order. Meanwhile the company made a new decision not to sel l the creams any more. Mr. Khan became cross and he wished to pursue a legal action against the company. Advice Green Pharmacy about the possible legal consequence. Justify your comments with reference to similar case precedents. In the given business scenario Green put an advertisement to sell its new moisturizing cream at a special low price Green Pharmacy was making only an invitation to treat. (Partridge v Christened (1968) 1 WALL 1204). As a result Mr.. Khan one of the trusted vendors rushed to one of the show room and wanted to place a large order but he was refused to give order. As a result he wished to pursue a legal action against the company. Mr.. Khan wanted to make an offer to Green Pharmacy to ay the goods but was no acceptance from the company therefore was not valid contract, in event of seeking legal action from Mr. Khan will not affect Green Pharmacy in any way legally. (b) You work into the night to complete ‘an important report' for your immediate boss, Tan ia.Tania is very pleased with the report and says ‘l know you have worked very hard on this, I will make sure there's an extra IEEE in your pay at the end of the month. Can you enforce this promise? 100 words In the given situation you can't make lawsuit against Tania although it is a oral promise that is done with spoken words. Tania makes a statement or promise which we can call consideration but that consideration was completed before Tania has made her promise. We called this situation past consideration so it can be a lawful consideration (Re Macrame 1951). (c) Joe works in the purchase department of Green Pharmacy. He lives near to you.By an agreement he provides you with a lift to work in return for a contribution towards the petrol. Would this contract be legally enforceable? Justify your answer with legal arguments. 75 words In the above situation Joe can't be enforced in this contract legally due to lack of intention to create legal relation, furthermore the agreemen t was done in a social context, if in event to seek legal action the court will not enforce this agreement (Buffalo b Buffalo 1919) Q. 2: Albany is the business development manager of Green Pharmacy. Four months ago he bought a ‘Landmasses' car from Brand's Garage Ltd for use in his business activities.He paid El 2,500 for the car and was given a written guarantee in the following terms. ‘Brand's Garage Ltd guarantees that, for three months from the date of purchase, it will put right free of charge any defects in the vehicle which cannot be discovered on roper examination at the time of purchase. Thereafter all work and materials will be charged to the customer. ‘ The sales manager recommended to Albany that he should take out the ‘special extended warranty under which, for payment of ?350, the car would have been guaranteed in respect of all defects for a further two years, but Albany declined.Last week the engine and gearbox seized up. The repairs will cos t E,OHO. Advise Albany. Would your answer differ if he bought the car only for his personal use? Is made with personally or commercially. All contracts are made up with the essential elements. When Albany purchases a Landmasses car from Brand's Garage Ltd for use in business activities, he made a legal contract through offer and acceptance, and a written agreement. It also includes the consideration in the contract that defines each party to the agreement gets something.There was the existence of the certainty element of the contract through which Brenda indicates for three month from the date of purchase they will provide warranty service of the car. If Albany purchase the car for personal use he would make a contract with the seller of the by maintaining the element of the valid contract. Albany can not make a claim for compensation of the car if want it to do that because was outside of the warranty was given. Although if Albany would buy the car for personal use he has the right to lawsuit against the Brenda' to recover the cost repair due to Sale Goods Act implied terms of satisfactory quality.Q. 3: Explain the effects of the following in the running of a Pharmaceutical company such as Green Pharmacy: a) Breach of conditions, and, nominate terms Breach of condition: Condition is the basic term of contract we also can call it hart of the contract. When condition is breached, the affected party can sue as well as end he contract and claim for damages. Warranty: Warranties as a secondary condition can be a specific kind of terms representation of fact that the law can enforce against the warrants.If a warranty is breached the victim party can only demand for compensation but cannot end the contract, therefore Green Pharmacy offer replacements which will conduct to damages only. Nominate terms: As a result of such breach the innocent party is deprived of the whole benefit of the contract. The inexperience vendors will be entitled to repudiate the contract and to get compensations (Hong Kong fir shipping co. Ad v Sukiyaki Essen Aisha Ltd (1962) b) Legality of exemption clauses. Please include relevant examples to explain different aspects of the terms. 00 words An exemption clause is a term in the contract made by one party to protect them from lawsuit done by other party for damage,loss,negligence or non-performance etc. It is done usually by the party who draft the agreement. For example, a digital camera shop use exemption clause in their selling document where they accept no liability for any damaged camera after selling it to customer. Outsource generally describes exemption clauses narrowly to e if it is logical in specific perspective.An exemption clause can be included and bound into a contract if it is written in a signed contractual document; it does not fact whether the party understands it. Task 3: Principles of Liability in Business Negligence Q. 1: In what aspects, liabilities in tort are different from contractual liabilit ies? Give examples of ‘duty of care' in the context of someday- to- day situations. Explain the concept of ‘causation' and ‘remoteness' in the tort of negligence. 220 words Tortuous Contractual liability holds more privacy than liabilities in tort (Fleming, 1984).Sole proprietorship and Partner in partnership are responsible for the tort committed by them and torts committed by the business. In the contractual liability parties are engaged with one another by mutual consent which is conducted by the contract. On the other hand, the relationship in the tortuous liability is imposed by the law, the defendant must responsible the claimant a duty of care. The basic contrast between the contractual liability and the liability in tort is that the first is the result of agreement whereas the second is the result of law.Day to day examples of duty of care: ) Keepers of dangerous pets will hold a duty of care to people who will be likely to be affected. B) Lorry drivers owe s a duty of care to his goods that it's delivering. According to the law, duty of care is a legal responsibility that is applied on an individual requiring maintains a reasonable care during completing a specific task to overtake any acts that make Jeopardize others. Duty of care is done by a employer to his employees, by a traffic police to the pedestrian, by a supplier to the manufacturer for the quality of the raw materials etc.Causation defines and determines the extension of liability. Causation is the indicator through which one party proves that another party makes loss to them that is considered before damages. It may be difficult to prove when there is more than one cause. Remoteness determines how much a defendant is responsible for his wrongful doings. A defendant must make up the damages or loss if it is within the reasonable consideration. Q. 2: Explain the nature of liability in negligence by giving reference to different scenarios. Negligence is not intentional tort b ut accidental.Negligence liability holds that defendant know about the probable risk that can occur damage largely to the injured party. Here the injured party does not know about the risk before it happens. Negligence liability also assumes that the defendant has control power over the probable risk of harms that caused the plaintiff injury. (Lewis, R. , Morris, A. And Elephant, K. 2006). For example, negligence liability occurs when a landlord sell a portion of his property to a customer although knowing about the legality problem in the property documents that may cause serious damage in future if any legal issues increases.In this situation the buyer of the property will know about the problem and damages after the occurrence happens. Another example, negligence liability occurs when a nurse does not mention the medicine to the patient who has no knowledge about the medicine causing the patient take wrong medicine. Q. 3: Explain the legal requirements to hold employers vicarious ly liable for the torts committed by their employees. Vicarious liability in English law is a doctrine that applies rigorous liability on the employers for the wrongdoing of their employees (CRY-Evans Canada Ltd. . Pettifoggers). In this perspective, the person who is vicariously liable is free from blame although the person is legally responsible. An employer is vicariously responsible for doing the conduct of employees or a group of employees, agents, supervisors or managers, a person deployed by the firm disturbing a member, legislation that applies if the person was an employee and not from a contractor or agency. (Merges Docks & Harbor Board v Cogging and Griffith Ltd 1947). We can consider tort of an employee if occurs to connection with the person's employment.Without taking all responsibilities the employers may be held liable for the actions of the employees. (Limps v London General Omnibus Co 1862) Also we may have another situation where the driver of a bus company is not in his course of employment where is injures passengers it can not be responsible for the accident. (Beard v London General Omnibus Co 1900) Courts attribute to the employer where the employers' objectives do not reach in the absence of the employee's serious risk which has committed.So, there are some close connection between the tortuous act of the employee and the circumstances of his employment to establish a vicarious liability. Examples of vicarious liability are: employees seize the goods of the firm. Task 4: Application of Principles of Liability in Business Situations Q. : By applying the relevant legal principles answer the following: (a) what is the level of duty of care to be shown by (1) a learner driver (2) a Chinese herbal doctor working in England and (3) Junior doctor in a hospital? The duty of care refers to the principle that the duty to take responsible care to avoid foreseeable injury to a neighbor.A learner driver Must know the rules and regulations of the tra ffic and level of care is not been different from all other drivers. (Nettlesome v Weston 1971). Understand the possible magnitude of the probable harm or injury occurred on roads. Know the importance f the social value of this activity. Chinese herbal doctor A doctor must mention reasonable harm and can not be considered a full doctor therefore is not grade of comparison. (Sharon v Situ 2004). The relationship between the defendant and the claimant about proximate cause.A Junior doctor To practice under the supervision of senior doctor (Bola v Iffier Hospital Management Committee 1957). Maintain reasonable standard of the profession. Avoid negligence actions for medical malpractices. Know the bad effect of malpractice that causes harm or injury. (b) Green Pharmacy engages Mr. Ken, a local electrician, to rewire its office. Two weeks later Leo, a visitor, is electrocuted. Discuss Green Pharmacy liability in tort. Would your answer differ if Green Pharmacy put the following notice at the entrance: ‘Persons entering these premises do so at their own risk? 25 words A tort liability is the legal obligation of a party which causes to suffer or loss someone as a result of a civil wrong or injury. Green Pharmacy has experience in defending clients, variety of personal injury. In this scenario it is found that one of the visitors has attacked by the electrocuted. There was a rule to set up a notice for awareness. But due to negligence of the employee he notice was not hung. As a result, the Green Pharmacy is responsible for the accident of the visitors. The visitors can sue for getting the compensation of the damage.If there was the rule in the entrance: ‘Persons entering these premises do so at their own risk. In this perspective the visitor should follow the notice in the entrance. If not follow Green Pharmacy will not responsible for the accident. The visitor cannot sue against the company for getting the compensation for the damage. Q. 2: collect his o wn television from a repair shop. He parks his van carelessly and it moves off, injuring Kelly, a pedestrian. Is Green Pharmacy vicariously liable? Vicarious liability indicates a situation where someone is liable for the acts of another person.In this business scenario John is van driver employed by Green Pharmacy who use the van for his personal use to carry a television from a repair shop. As he parks the van carelessly that resulting injured Kelly a pedestrian, the pedestrian can sue against the Green Pharmacy because the owner of the van is the Green Pharmacy who not is vicariously liable for the injury of the pedestrian. Beard v London General Omnibus Co 1900 (b) Robert, who is a security guard in Green Pharmacy head office, has been encouraged by the company to keep order by force – if necessary. One night he grabbed one Martins on suspicion and stabbed him in the back.Discuss the potential vicarious liability of Green Pharmacy. 100 words Here Green Pharmacy plays the role of the employer and Robert is the employee of this. Green Pharmacy is vicariously liable for the act of the Robert because he has done the action encouraged by the company to protect his Job. Seemingly, Green Pharmacy is free from the blame but it is legally liable for the negligence of the employee. As a result Mr.. Mantis affected by stabbing can demand for the compensation that must be paid y the company. Many employers are not aware that they can be liable for a range of actions done by their employee in the course of their employment.Conclusion: To regulate and expand the business the importance of law is increasing day by day. The capacities and culture of the different organization and nations are not same. Law provides the fundamental understanding of the negotiation deals that is required in the business. Legitimate contract helps to debate settlement of the business organization in the court by legal Jurisdictions. Top management of a organization should know the reas onable information about the various elements of he agreement to understand and get important point in the business arena.

What is an Epigraph An Authors Guide

What is an Epigraph An Authors Guide What is an Epigraph? An epigraph is a quote, paragraph, or short excerpt typically found at the beginning of a book. It usually serves as a preface or introduction to your story before any character makes an appearance or the action begins. Most often, they are quotes from writers or other influential people, but this is not always the case.The rules surrounding the use of epigraphs are pretty flexible. We’ll dive deep into them later in this post - but first, let’s take a look at why you might want to consider using epigraphs in the first place.Why use an epigraph?An epigraph probably won’t make or break your book. However, it can serve as a way to introduce readers to your story - or at least to elements of it - before they get into the meat of the matter. When the correct quote is chosen, it can be the crumb that makes them want to eat the whole cake.Although the epigraph is an optional feature in the front matter of a book, it can serve many different purposes within the story . Here are four. Does your book need an epigraph? See 4 ways they can help your story 1) Set the themeThe theme is the central idea the story conveys and the epigraph can help kick it off it in a very concise manner.Let’s take a look at one of the three epigraphs from Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale.And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die. And Jacob’s anger was kindled against Rachel; and he said, Am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her. Genesis 30:1-3 This particular quote from the Bible deals directly with the issue of children, fertility, and the idea of bringing someone outside the marriage to produce children: all points of great importance in the novel.2) Set the moodIn just a few words, an epigraph can show readers whether they can expect an exciting, happy, or sad story. Take this example from The Night Circus:A dreamer is one who can only find his way by moonlight, and his punishment is that he sees the dawn before the rest of the world. Oscar Wilde, 1888 What are some of your favorite epigraphs? Let us know in the comments below!

Srebrenica - July 13 to July 18 1995, one of the worst massacres in the late twentieth century

Srebrenica - July 13 to July 18 1995, one of the worst massacres in the late twentieth century According to Sabrina Ramet "From June 1991 to December 1994 between 200.000 and 400.000 people had died as a result of the war between Serbs and non Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina" (Balkan Babel, 269). During the same period of time, at least 2.7 million people have been reduced to refugees. Arguably, one of the worst massacres in the late twentieth century took place from July 13th to July 18th 1995 in Srebrenica. Within these five days, approximately 8000 defenseless civilians were executed by the Serbian military. The vast majority of the survivors experienced extensive physical and mental abuse. Brutal torture, psychological hardship and the images of ruthless assaults onto unarmed civilians have forced survivors to live in constant fear and agony for the rest of their lives.English: Skull of a victim of the July 1995 Srebre...Srebrenica is located in the central East part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the population mostly consisted of Muslim believers. The people of this to wn surrendered all their weapons to the UN military, in return to be protected by the UN forces if they were attacked by the Serbian army. There has been much controversy as to what really happened when Srebrenica was attacked by the Serbian military and the UN soldiers, who were suppose to protect them, stood-by without taking any action. The armed, merciless Serbian army attacked this vulnerable town and murdered children, women and men, whom were unarmed and posed no threat, in cold blood. For those who were not killed in this vicious rage, they were taken prisoner and sent to different locations without knowing what their destiny held. These hostages were physically tied up and beaten until they laid lifeless on the concrete pavement where they were left for days without any food or water. The captives that were extremely wounded were left for several...

Gasland Movie Essay

Gasland Movie Essay Gasland Movie Essay Introduction The documentary film Gasland made by Josh Fox narrates the story of environmental degradation in the USA and its reasons. In particular, the author conducted his own investigation across the country in order to find out whether the grim rumors concerning the hydraulic fracturing were true. The film provides experts opinions, witnesses recollections and calculations based on observations in order to show that the matter is serious and it must be confronted as soon as possible. It also employed emotional appeals (like love for Nature and desire to be healthy and happy) to peoples values and code of ethics in order to cause a resentment and disgust concerning the terrible things which some people deliberately make. The author uses the technique of vivid imagery to enhance his argument – each event, location or technological process which could be unknown to its audience and therefore – hinder to view the film without constant interruptions for respective inquiry – were explained. It has a lot of strong points and only a heartless or a mad person cannot be convinced by this film. As for me, several aspects of this film convinced me that â€Å"fracking† is a very dangerous practice and that it should be prohibited. First of all, the film is the result of a natural suspicion which everyone would experience if he or she suddenly received such a tempting proposal. Second of all, it is filled with testimonies of victims of â€Å"fracking† and evidences given by experts in the field of environmental protection, chemistry and so forth. Fox even managed to get the insider information from whistleblowers from institutions which were supposed to regulate the problem in q uestion. And finally, it is clear that Fox had no commercial interest in making this film and that purely ethical reasons forced him to make this research and present it to others. First body paragraph From the very beginning any viewer can get the feeling that it is full of mysteries or even conspiracies. It starts from short glimpses at the beauty of local nature to attract attention of its audience. Then those images are abruptly ended with some court hearing where apparently representatives of gas companies defend their new method of gas mining which is hydraulic fracturing. At first, Josh Fox (the author of the film) seems to be hesitating about what is the best place to start his narration. He decided to provide some official information and then check if all that stuff was true. Marcellus Shale was the Saudi Arabia of natural gas according to one of such official statements and it was presented as a life buoy for the country which is one of the biggest consumers of fuel (Fox, 2010). However, that remains to be seen whether it was the U.S. blessing or its biggest curse. What would it mean if the United States and the rest of the world adopted natural gas as the fuel of the fu ture? (Fox, 2010). That answer is what this film is trying to find. Second body paragraph Gas supplies in America are considered to be so rich that they are often compared to a virtual ocean of natural gas. That expression belongs to some experts which the mentioned representatives and consultants of gas companies keep referring to convince judges, government and the entire nation that their hands are clean, that they did not do anything bad and that their only aim was to make the country (as well as its people) independent of natural gas import and instead of buying fuel from other countries extract gas at home. Such argumentation is aimed at deceiving common people that it is not a bad idea and that everybody will only win from it fuel prices will fall or at least stabilize while average income in the USA will increase. What is there not to like? Such representatives provide results of some probably non-existent or forged researches which claim that fracking is beneficial not only to economy, but to environment as well. At the same time they easily refute any counter argument providing no evidence at all as if it was an indisputable fact. Third body paragraph It all started in 2009 when Josh received a letter with a lucrative offer to sell Foxs house for approximately 100,000 dollars or to rent part of his territory for rather generous reward. He describes that he was quite surprised to get such an offer and decided to find out what was going on in those neighborhoods where the same method of gas extracting (fracking) has been already used. Fox went to the closest area called Dimock in Pennsylvania where such wells were already drilled. It was a small place with no major highways. A place where you could easily forget the world, forget yourself, disappear completely. I was going there because Ive heard a lot of complaints and because Ive heard the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection had said that everything was going fine (Fox, 2010). He found that water in such areas was no longer fresh since it was mixed with natural gas and in some cases the percentage of gas was so high that water could catch on fire if some source of fire was near. People suffered from stomach disorders, their pets and other animals were losing hair and in one case an entire well exploded. Fox also calculated that each well was used for several (around 4 to 5) times and that each of such wells required approximately of 1 billion gallons of water mixed with chemicals. Moreover, only half of that water was turning back which means that the rest remained under the surface literally poisoning the land (Fox, 2010). Representatives of respective companies denied the negative effect they had on environment, but at the same time none of them was brave enough to taste the water from local wells. Later on Fox discovered that gas companies decided to extract gas from peoples wells since it was too obvious that a lot of natural gas came out of them. Fox wanted to find out whether the Dimock case was a rule or an exception. It turned out to be a rule and that meant that 34 states were overshadowed by the incoming doom. Fourth body paragraph One can easily notice the atmosphere of the film. It is rather gloomy and kind of retrospective because the narration starts as an old legend which was documented on amateurish video. Perhaps that was made on purpose in order to emphasize the fact that this film was not ordered by some competitor, but was created to show the real state of affairs in the USA in terms of environmental pollution. It is true that Fox uses a lot of emotional appeals during the film to share not only the facts, but also his feelings too. At the beginning of the film he said: I am not a pessimist. Ive always had a great deal of faith in people. That we would not succumb to frenzy or rage or greed. That we will figure out the solution without destroying the things that we love (Fox, 2010). This particular phrase shows that he as most people are an optimist, but sad and even frightening reality made him review his former beliefs. Closer to the end of the film Josh Fox literally cried near some contaminated s pring: I had tried to keep anger and sorrow and pain, but the moment I knelt down at the wide creek looked upspring and noticed the band it reminded me of home and I broke apart (Fox, 2010). It is obvious though that he did not wanted to use that as a manipulative tool, he just wanted to stress how much he cared about the problem in question. Fifth body paragraph Fox uses emotional appeals like we should preserve the things that we love in order to enhance his point. I do not think that that is a manipulative move because this films aim is not to manipulate, but to make people review their lifestyles, behavior (like consumerism) and principles by looking closely at the consequent problems. One must understand that we all contribute to that problem. Besides, it must be said that manipulation is a hidden influence the aim of which is to make a person to do something which that person would never do at its own will. In case with this film however, audience perfectly knows the goal of it and it is not resentful to its viewers. Persuasion and manipulation are not the same things although they are often confused. Music often does not correspond to images shown in the film. The author must have used that trick in order not only show the woes which were happening to Nature, but to highlight the incompatibility of the idea of happy life with our prese nt lifestyle. If people continue to live their lives ignoring this problem then there would be no future for entire human race. Our civilization is already declining since people do nothing to stop that madness. Sixth body paragraph While watching this film one might wonder why all that happened in the first place or why those people (cowboys and farmers) sold or leased their land to such monsters. The answer however, is quite simple. An attentive viewer could easily notice the way those people were dressed, what cars or houses they had in order to deduce that all of them are not representatives of the middle class which America is so proud of. On the contrary, most if not all of them could be referred to as representatives of the lower middle class whose income is not that big to refuse from rather lucrative suggestions which Fox mentioned at the beginning of the film. And the same could be said about the workers who work at corporations like Halliburton to make money for their families even at the expense of their own health since chemical burns are only some of the health-related problems which people exposed to fracturing fluids experience. The latter ranges from headaches, dizziness and stomach problems to burnt lungs and brain tumors (Fox, 2010). People who lived close to such wells for too long had an irreversible brain damage and lost some of their senses. Such people do not have plans for the future, they only care about how to get through another day of such living (Fox, 2010). Conclusion The film ends featuring windmills which generate electricity hinting that there is a way out. It also means that energy-related problems can be solved if only alternative sources of energy are employed. However, the same could not be said about our nature. It will take hundreds of generations to heal our planet from the impact of hydraulic fracturing and the like practices, but what is even worse is that there is a possibility that such type of mining can spread around the world and that would mark the end of human civilization on Earth. I dont know what is going to happen about the rest of the United States. I guess a large part of that is gets up to you. One thing I found deep inside is a love for this whole country (Fox, 2010). I was definitely convinced by the author of this film that something had to be done immediately because sooner or later that same problem will hit the rest of the U.S. and the world as well.

Zaras Supply Chain Management Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zaras Supply Chain Management Strategy - Essay Example As one of the well-known Spanish clothing company around the world, Zara was able to come up with the clothing design that suites the unique preferences of most modern men, women, the young adults, and children. As of 2010, Zara managed to become the second largest clothing company within the global fashion industry (Zara 2011; BBC News, 2008; Manning-Schaffel, 2004).As one of the well-known Spanish clothing company around the world, Zara was able to come up with the clothing design that suites the unique preferences of most modern men, women, the young adults, and children. As of 2010, Zara managed to become the second largest clothing company within the global fashion industry (Zara 2011; BBC News, 2008; Manning-Schaffel, 2004). Ever since Zara was established by Amancio Ortega Gaona in 1975, this company managed to expand and open up to 2,692 retail store outlets all over 62 different countries around the world. To make the company able to rapidly expand its business in many count ries, the management group of Zara decided to hire the services offered by the Inditex Group with its global market distribution.Zara and Its Preferred Target Market Having a strong and powerful brand is even more effective when it comes to developing a special attachment between the clothing company and its target buyers.In line with this, one of the business strategies that Zara is currently using in order to win the attention of its target global markets is to select countries wherein they can effectively promote their brand   as a unique clothing designer and seller that is totally different from what other clothing companies are offering to its target consumers (Neumeier, 2006). By nature, clothing and fashion business offer homogenous products to the end-consumers. For this reason, Zara has been very focused and keen on being able to come up with new clothing designs that are relatively new to the eyes of its target market. Even though Zara is actually selling homogenous clo thing products to its target buyers, its ability to produce new fashion and clothing designs faster than what its close competitors like Gap or H&M could offer in the market gives them the edge to sell its clothing items at a premium price. Because of Zara’s ability to establish a strong positive brand within the global fashion industry, this company was able to capture the interests of millions of loyal â€Å"fashionistas† who are more than willing to spend more money just to be able to be the first one to wear its latest fashion designs and other related merchandises. This particular edge or business advantage enabled Zara to avoid spending large sum of money on its product advertisements (Aaker 1991). Actual Production and Distribution System of Zara Zara has always been trying to narrow down and make its supply

Computer Features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Computer Features - Essay Example For the perfect computer the processor speed should be 2 GHZ and above. This will facilitate faster performance of the system. A good computer should also have a good memory; this also affects the performance of the system. The first type of memory that is available in a computer is the random access memory that temporarily stores data. If the ram is bigger, it allows one to running more applications at one time. For the computer of choice a ram of 4 gigabytes and above is ideal. Another memory found in a computer is the hard disk that stores all the information fed into a computer. More space means high volumes of data to store, for a good computer a hard disk of one terabyte and above is perfect. All of the above mentioned are components of a good computer however, that is not all a good computer should also be able to connect to a wireless network. This type of internet connection is widely available and can be found in most public areas like schools, libraries and even coffee shops. The final piece is a disc drive. This component allows an individual to watch movies or listen to music stored in a compac t disc. It also allows one to transfer the content from a computer and into the disc for

Must Liturgy Adapt to Culture or vice versa Essay

Must Liturgy Adapt to Culture or vice versa - Essay Example It would seem that the trend in the liturgical changes points to an adaptation to the people’s way of life or culture. In the light of an increasing secularisation of society, the question begs: Must liturgy adapt to culture, or vice versa? The Essence of Liturgy One must rest upon the definitions of liturgy and culture to be able to take a handle on this question. The word liturgy comes from the Greek word liturgia which signifies an act of public service done for the community. From a Christian point of view , and particularly Anglicans, as explained in the Guiding Principles of Christian Worship, liturgy has come to be known as â€Å"the work of the people of God,† or their public obligation to give God thanks and adoration. It is very important to establish the relevance at this early of the six guiding principles of Christian worship as contained in the Book of Common Prayer. These are, one, that the Holy Scripture must be the foundation and the basic content of al l Christian worship; two, that tradition must be carefully respected; three, that the language in edification must be relevant to and understood by the congregation; four, that ceremonies need not be identical across cultures but must not also contradict Scripture or the Creeds; five, that the words and the liturgies should seek ecumenical convergence with the Universal Church, and six, that these words and forms of the liturgies must maintain continuity with the Church’s historic tradition, while giving way to creativity and innovation in response to societal change. Liturgy then is the vehicle for the people’s expression of their faith. In the exegesis of the six principles, it is said that in finding such expression, nothing must contradict the Holy Scriptures, it being the foundation of worship. Such deference includes the use of words, concepts and images. It is also said that in the process of expressing faith, tradition must be respected and preserved as close a s possible to when it transpired as indicated in the Holy Scriptures. One can see where Fr. Kavanagh is coming from. The admonition to adapt culture to liturgy has all its foundation rested on the guiding principles but reflects a growing fear of the consequences of the reverse happening. Torevell (2004) observes that liturgy is becoming less popular and the reason he cites is that people no longer have that creative and restorative sense of rite but rather look at liturgy as a stable act of repetition. The Essence of Culture Culture, according to Davey (2012), is a framework of behavioural patterns, values and experiences shared within and by a social group. It is the â€Å"order of life in which human beings construct meanings through practices of symbolic representations,† according to Inda and Ronello (2008). Samovar (2009, pp.144-146) define it as a set of social rules that provide the framework and meaning to events, objects and people, to make sense of the surround ings and lessen the uncertainty about the environment. It provides a sense of identity, of self, of belonging. It is learned, transmitted via generations and acquired through interactions, observation, and imitation from art, proverbs, history, teachers, parents, books and media. It is symbolic and its symbols are used exclusively by the group. It is about the group’s standards, their beliefs, their traditions, their habits, their peculiar way of living their lives or understanding

Marketing Strategy for DHL Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Strategy for DHL - Case Study Example DHL is a global company involved in postal services finance and express. In DHL, a fundamental innovation represents a break with the past and fulfills a need that was not previously met. Air conditioners and television sets are examples of fundamental innovations -- both meet previously unfulfilled needs. Their introduction requires considerable change in consumer purchase-and-use habits. A functional innovation requires some change in consumer habits but meets a need previously fulfilled. However, it meets the need in a superior manner. Automatic washers and dryers are examples. It is the least complex of all changes in the innovation spectrum. Minor product changes, color style, and package alterations fall into this category. To become an innovation, an invention or new idea must gain consumer acceptance. Innovation is inextricably intertwined with, and governed by, buyer behavior. Innovation focuses on such behavioral problems as acceptance of new products, brands, services, and processes, the diffusion of marketing information, resistance to change, informal leadership, and acceptance of risk. As a business strategy, innovation greatly affects corporate growth, survival, and profitability. It reflects the changing market wants and needs of customers. Innovation is stimulated by competition. Whenever new products or services are launched, business becomes concerned as to whether customers will accept them, and if they do, how long it will take for innovations to be profitable. Innovation as the M

Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Personality - Essay Example â€Å"The Naked Face† demonstrates that personality and physical appearance directly influence each other through their two-way feedback system. Paul Ekman, a psychologist from San Francisco, studied human facial expressions with Wallace Friesen. They contacted Silvan Tomkins, another professor of Psychology at Princeton and Rutger. Ekman showed Tomkins close-up pictures of two tribes, the peace-loving South Fore and the hostile and homosexuality-practicing Kukukuku (Gladwell 3). Tomkins correctly interpreted the personalities of these two tribes, when he said that the South Fore were â€Å"a sweet, gentle people, very indulgent, very peaceful," while the Kukukuku were â€Å"violent, and there is lots of evidence to suggest homosexuality† (Gladwell 3). ... These researchers also studied medical textbooks that identified facial muscles, and they determined the specific muscular movements that the face can produce. They recognized forty-three movements and labeled them as â€Å"action units or A.U.† (Gladwell 3). After that, they wrote the Facial Action Coding System, or FACS, which included all A.U. and the rules for â€Å"reading† them. Their study emphasizes that it is possible to know who people are from their faces only. Their research reveals another perplexing finding: people's expressions also affect their body. When people consciously project happiness, their bodies also show signs of happiness: â€Å"In the facial-feedback system, an expression you do not even know that you have can create an emotion you did not choose to feel† (Gladwell 5). Friesen and Ekman implicate that appearance can also influence people's emotions, and perhaps their personalities too. â€Å"The Story of My Body† disagrees with â€Å"The Naked Face,† because it believes that physical appearance can impact personality, only when people allow it to. Cofer says that as a child, she was quite bony and small compared to American or white counterparts. As a result, her peers called her â€Å"Skinny Bones† and â€Å"The Shrimp.† Even when people taunted her, however, she remained emotionally strong, because she focused on her academic skills instead. She decided to be a â€Å"brain† and not an athlete. Still, how people saw her also shaped her personality. For instance, when Cofer had chicken pox, she scratched them and had permanent scars all over her face. A nurse told her that her scars would â€Å"always† seem to other people that â€Å"a mad cat had plunged its claws deep into [her] skin.† This remark made her feel inferior and she

The Effect of Bilateral Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the U.S.A Research Proposal

The Effect of Bilateral Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the U.S.A on Medium and Small Vietnamese firms That Export goods to the U.S.A - Research Proposal Example In 1995, Vietnam became a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). On 13 July 2000, the country signed a BTA with the USA: the agreement went into effect on 10 December 2001. This agreement was part of the ongoing economic reform process in Vietnam and contributed significantly towards the country gaining membership in the World Trade Organization. In 2007, the US Congress approved a Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) agreement with Vietnam. This paper analyzes the influence of the signing of the BTA on the performance of domestic Vietnamese small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) that were engaged in exporting to the US market. The SMEs occupy a significant position in the economy of Vietnam and it is important to know the effect of the BTA on SMEs. The paper first studies the growth rates of production, investment and employment of these Vietnamese firms before and after signing the BTA. The studies were based on the results of a survey which had earlier been conducted by two Vietnamese Agencies and one US Agency. Then, the paper itself conducts two statistical tests of its own to empirically analyze the effect of the BTA on the SMEs in the Vietnamese economy. The findings of the tests, show the BTA has caused the value of Vietnamese exports to the US market to significantly increase from 2001 onwards which in turn has caused a greater number of Vietnamese SMEs to enter the export market.... he signing of the BTA on the performance of domestic Vietnamese small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) that were engaged in exporting to the US market. The SMEs occupy a significant position in the economy of Vietnam and it is important to know the effect of the BTA on SMEs. The paper first studies the growth rates of production, investment and employment of these Vietnamese firms before and after signing the BTA. The studies were based on the results of a survey which had earlier been conducted by two Vietnamese Agencies and one US Agency. Then, the paper itself conducts two statistical tests of its own to empirically analyze the effect of the BTA on the SMEs in the Vietnamese economy. The findings of the tests, show the BTA has caused the value of Vietnamese exports to the US market to significantly increase from 2001 onwards which in turn has caused a greater number of Vietnamese SMEs to enter the export market. Therefore, the paper indicates that there is a lot of potential to be tapped in the export sector of Vietnam. As the case of the BTA has shown, Vietnamese firms are prepared to enter the export market and leverage expanded export opportunities with foreign countries. For this, Vietnam has to search for new trading partner countries and look to enhance its trade relations with them as it has done with the USA. At the same time, Vietnam has to maintain its existing trade relationships with its current trade partners. Only then, can Vietnam’s export sector serve as an engine of growth for its overall economy. (Abbot, et al, 2007, p-2; Burmeister n.d; Martin 2009 p-2; McCaig and Pavcnik, 2011, p-2) Literature Review The entire literature can be segregated into two types: the studies of the impact of the BTA on the Vietnamese economy as a whole and the

Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Personality - Essay Example â€Å"The Naked Face† demonstrates that personality and physical appearance directly influence each other through their two-way feedback system. Paul Ekman, a psychologist from San Francisco, studied human facial expressions with Wallace Friesen. They contacted Silvan Tomkins, another professor of Psychology at Princeton and Rutger. Ekman showed Tomkins close-up pictures of two tribes, the peace-loving South Fore and the hostile and homosexuality-practicing Kukukuku (Gladwell 3). Tomkins correctly interpreted the personalities of these two tribes, when he said that the South Fore were â€Å"a sweet, gentle people, very indulgent, very peaceful," while the Kukukuku were â€Å"violent, and there is lots of evidence to suggest homosexuality† (Gladwell 3). ... These researchers also studied medical textbooks that identified facial muscles, and they determined the specific muscular movements that the face can produce. They recognized forty-three movements and labeled them as â€Å"action units or A.U.† (Gladwell 3). After that, they wrote the Facial Action Coding System, or FACS, which included all A.U. and the rules for â€Å"reading† them. Their study emphasizes that it is possible to know who people are from their faces only. Their research reveals another perplexing finding: people's expressions also affect their body. When people consciously project happiness, their bodies also show signs of happiness: â€Å"In the facial-feedback system, an expression you do not even know that you have can create an emotion you did not choose to feel† (Gladwell 5). Friesen and Ekman implicate that appearance can also influence people's emotions, and perhaps their personalities too. â€Å"The Story of My Body† disagrees with â€Å"The Naked Face,† because it believes that physical appearance can impact personality, only when people allow it to. Cofer says that as a child, she was quite bony and small compared to American or white counterparts. As a result, her peers called her â€Å"Skinny Bones† and â€Å"The Shrimp.† Even when people taunted her, however, she remained emotionally strong, because she focused on her academic skills instead. She decided to be a â€Å"brain† and not an athlete. Still, how people saw her also shaped her personality. For instance, when Cofer had chicken pox, she scratched them and had permanent scars all over her face. A nurse told her that her scars would â€Å"always† seem to other people that â€Å"a mad cat had plunged its claws deep into [her] skin.† This remark made her feel inferior and she

Investigating the Effects of Surface Area on the Rate of Reaction Essay Example for Free

Investigating the Effects of Surface Area on the Rate of Reaction Essay Aim: To study the effects of changing the surface area on the rate of a chemical reaction Hypothesis: This hypothesis is based on the Collision Theory, where in order to react, the two particles involved must: 1. Collide with each other 2. The collision must be energetic enough to overcome the activation energy of the reaction 3. The collision must bring the reactive parts of the molecule into contact the correct way – they must collide with appropriate geometry (the reactive parts) Considering that the surface area of a particle is a factor that mainly affects the collision rate of particles, it would be safe to assume that as the surface area increases, the reaction rate increases. The graph should turn out to be something like this: 1. the reaction is the fastest at the start 2. The reaction is slowing down here 3. No more product is formed Amount of product Time Variables: Variable Factor What is manipulated Dependent Time The time it takes for the reaction to complete depends on the surface area of the compounds being used, because it determines the rate in which the reaction will occur. Independent Volume of the gas collected (H2, CO2) The amount of gas collected for each experiment will depend on the Controlled 1. Mass of Calcium Carbonate (both marble chips and powdered form) 2. Mass of Magnesium (both ribbon and powder) 3. Volume of Hydrochloric Acid 4. Apparatus Used 1. The masses of the substances utilized will remain constantly fixed during the experiment 2. 50 cm3 of HCl will be used for every trial – 550 cm3 in total 3. The apparatus used will remain the same throughout the whole experiment Chemical Reactions: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 1. Magnesium ribbon 2. Hydrogen Gas will be the gas collected 1. 3 Trials will take place 1. Mass of Magnesium ribbon in: 1. Trial 1: 0.064 grams 2. Trial 2: 0.063 grams 3. Trial 3: 0.065 grams CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 1. Marble Chips 2. Carbon Dioxide will be the gas collected 1. 2 Trials will take place 1. Mass of Marble Chips in: 1. Trial 1: 3.998 grams 2. Trial 2: 3.988 grams Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 1. Sodium Carbonate (Powdered) 2. Carbon Dioxide will be the gas collected 1. 2 Trials will take place 1. Mass of Sodium Carbonate 1. Trial 1: 0.504 grams 2. Trial 2: 0.505 grams Apparatus: 1. Eye-Protection – 1 pair of Safety Glasses 2. 1 pair of Scissors 3. 1 Electronic Scale 4. 1 Conical Flask (100cm3) 5. 1 Single-holed rubber bung and delivery tube to fit conical flask 6. 1 Measuring cylinder (100cm3) 7. Stopwatch Chemicals: 1. 12cm of Magnesium Ribbon 2. 550 cm3 of Hydrochloric Acid 3. Marble Chips 4. Sodium Carbonate (Powdered) Method: 1. Set up apparatus as shown 2. Fill the conical flask with 50cm3 of HCl 3. Insert the end of the syringe into the hole on top of the stopper 4. Add the magnesium ribbon 5. Seal the flask with a rubber stopper as quickly as you can, at the same time have someone else present to start the stop watch once the magnesium ribbon has been added to the hydrochloric acid 6. As the reaction takes place, note down the time it takes for the gas collected to reach a multiple of 5 (i.e. 5mL, 10mL †¦.50,55,60,65 etc) 7. Keep measuring until the reaction has stopped, or you are unable to measure anymore 8. Repeat each experiment 3 times, just to be sure the data collected is accurate 9. At step 4, replace the underlined compound with the next compound after one experiment is completed Conclusion Unfortunately I was unable to create a graph using time as the independent variable, because the lab that I had utilized did not have the equipment available to accurately to record the data if time were to be the independent variable. Another factor that played into my decision was the fact that the smallest calibration of the glass syringe I used was 5 cm3. Since the only visible measurements shown on the syringe were multiples of 5, it would only seem reasonable that I switch around the variables, making time the dependent variable, and the volume collected the independent variable, since I couldn’t exactly measure how much gas would be collected every 5 seconds; otherwise the relationship the graph would depict would be completely incorrect. As you can see on the graphs, the slightly steep slopes show when the reaction is the quickest, as it should be in the beginning. The curve shows the reaction slowing down, but unfortunately the curve continues. This is because the reaction is still taking place. I was unable to record the rest of the data because the measuring tools that were available weren’t able to record to such a high degree. In some cases though, like in the powdered sodium carbonate experiment, the reaction began so quickly that I wasn’t able to record the time in most cases, so I just stuck with those that I had managed to note down. In other cases, there were so many distractions in the lab that it was difficult to remain focused. My classmates kept removing some if the items that I was using. The idea was to see how the rate of reaction changed when the surface area of a substance was increased. Initially, my plan was to react magnesium ribbon and magnesium powder with 1 mole of Hydrochloric acid; so I could compare and contrast how the surface area of the substance affected the rate of reaction. I had planned to keep everything about the two substances the same. Its element, mass, the amount of Hydrochloric acid I was going to react with it; the only thing different would be its surface area. Unfortunately the Lab didn’t have any available. So I decided to do the same experiment to Calcium Carbonate, this time using marble chips and powdered calcium carbonate. To my dismay I found that the powdered calcium carbonate wasn’t reacting at all. So I had to change it to sodium carbonate. There is skepticism about using different elements, seeing as they have different orders of reactivity. These factors, including the concentration of the acid used, could also affect the rate of reaction. However, the same acid concentration was used for all experiments, in all trials; so we can dismiss that. However, sodium is much higher up the reactivity series than calcium, which is higher up the reactivity series than magnesium. This is the problem with this experiment; the elements positions in the reactivity series could have really altered the rate of reaction. However, the experiments still prove that when the surface area of a substance is increased, the rate of reaction increases as well. This happens because, when two substances react only the surface particles of the substances can come into direct contact with the reactant particles. Increasing a substance’s surface area, like turning big solid chunks of calcium carbonate into powder, leaves more solid particles available to react. The more particles available to react at one time, the faster the rate of the reaction. Like this: Only atoms on the surface can react If you break the substance down, more atoms are exposed and ready to react. Evaluation Considering the lack of material available, I think I was able to manage the experiment fairly enough to produce results. However, I am not pleased with the factors that may or may not have affected my results, and the circumstances in which I had to switch my variables around. Therefore I would like to state a few things I would like to alter, if ever I got the change to do this experiment again. 1. Apparatus 1. Next time, instead of using a stopwatch, I would like to use a digital device, like a laptop for example, that was somehow connected to the glass syringe, which was programmed to record the volume of the gas collected every 5 seconds. This time the graph would turn out the way it should be. 2. Instead of using a measuring cylinder, I would replace it with a burette, as it takes more accurate measurements of liquids. 1. Chemicals Used 1. I would try and used the same element next time; the only difference would be the surface area. For example, if I used magnesium, to study the effects of surface area on the rate of reaction, I would only you magnesium ribbon and magnesium powder. Studying different elements with different reactivity’s would dismiss any data already collected because an element’s position on the reactivity series may also determine the rate of reaction. Use the same element. 1. Amount of People involved in the experiment 1. If I had to do the experiment again, with the same apparatus, I think I would like to have 3 people participating in the collection of data. 1 person would be watching the syringe rise and call out to record whenever it rose, the 2nd person would time it, and the 3rd person would record it. This time, the data may be even more accurate, because no one is taking their eye off the experiment, like I was doing during my experiment just to record data. I feel that altering these aspects of the experiment would increase the level of accuracy, as to get more substantial data to calculate the order of reaction. Unfortunately with the data I have so far, I am unable to derive the concentrations of the substances I had utilized in my experiment. However, as the objective was to investigate whether or not different surface areas affected the rate of the reaction, I think that I have produced enough data to support my theory.

Eutrophication Process Steps

Eutrophication Process Steps Eutrophication is world-wide environmental issue environmental problems that are related to high concentration nutrients. It is the process due to increment of algae productivity which affects adversely aquatic life and also human and animal health. It is mainly influenced by humankind activities that include agriculture and sewage effluent due to creating high amount of nutrients. The mechanism of eutrophication is briefly described in Figure 1. Large amount of nutrient input to the water body is the main effect and high level of phytoplankton biomass results that lead to algal bloom. Consumption of oxygen close the bottom of the water body is the result. The other effects of the process can be divided two categories that are related to: nutrient dispersion, phytoplankton growth Nitrogen and phosphorus are two main nutrients for aquatic life. In addition, A silica is also necessary for the diatoms. Nutrient concentration in the water body changes during eutrophication. The nutrient is the limiting factor, if it is not be available for algae develop. The sufficient factor to determine limiting factor is the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus compounds in the water body is an important factor for control mechanism. (Table 1). Phosphorus is generally limiting factor for phytoplankton in fresh waters. For large marine areas frequently have nitrogen as the limiting nutrient, especially in summer. Intermediate areas such as river plumes are often phosphorus-limited during spring,but may turn to silica or nitrogen limitation in summer. The enrichment of water by nutrients can be of natural origin but it is often dramatically increased by human activities. This occurs almost everywhere in the world. There are three main sources of anthropic nutrient input: runoff, erosion and leaching from fertilized agricultural areas, and sewage from cities and industrial wastewater. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (from animal breeding and combustion gases) can also be important. According to the European Environment Agency, the main source of nitrogen pollutants is run-off from agricultural land, whereas most phosphorus pollution comes from households and industry, including phosphorus- based detergents. The rapid increase in industrial production and in in-house consumption during the 20th century has resulted in greater volumes of nutrient-rich wastewater. Although there has been recently a better management of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural practices, saturation of soils with phosphorus can be noted in some areas where spreading of excessive manure from animal husbandry occurs. Nutrient removal in sewage treatment plants and promotion of phosphorus-free detergents are vital to minimize the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution on Europes water bodies7. Since 1980, nitrate concentrations in major EU  rivers have generally remained constant. There is no  evidence that reduced application of nitrogen fertilizers  to agricultural land has resulted in lower nitrate  concentrations in rivers. Indeed, concentrations in  some regions in Europe, such as Brittany, or Poitou in  France, and Catalunya in Spain, are still increasing. More detailed information on nitrates are to be found  in the companion pamphlet in this series nitrate and  health and in the E.C. report mentioned in (6). wastewater treatment and less phosphorus in household  detergents. Phosphorus release from industry  has also fallen sharply (Figure 3) whereas phosphorus  from agriculture, despite a reduction in the consumption  of phosphate fertilizers in the EU, remains an  important source of phosphorus pollution.   Unfortunately, due to the main role of nitrogen in the  eutrophication process in summer in the coastal zone,  the reduction in the discharge of phosphorus from  rivers into the sea has not been visible, except in very  specific sites. In most cases the phosphorus released  by the sediments into the open sea is sufficient to  allow eutrophication to occur, although external inputs have sharply decreased. In fact, only the Dutch coast  has benefited from the improvement of the water of  the Rhine, everywhere else the situation is stable or  has worsened. Some activities can lead to an increase in adverse  eutrophication and, although they are very specific,  they should be noted: Aquaculture development: Expansion of aquaculture  contributes to eutrophication by the discharge of  unused animal food and excreta of fish into the  water; The transportation of exotic species: Mainly via the  ballasts of big ships, toxic algae, cyanobacteria and  nuisance weeds can be carried from endemic areas  to uncontaminated ones. In these new environments  they may find a favourable habitat for their diffusion  and overgrowth, stimulated by nutrients availability; Reservoirs in arid lands: The construction of large  reservoirs to store and manage water has been  taking place all over the world. These dams are built  in order to allow the collection of drainage waters  through huge hydrographic basins. Erosion leads to  the enrichment of the waters of these reservoirs by  nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen Factors supporting the development  of eutrophication Besides nutrient inputs, the first condition supporting  eutrophication development is purely physical it is  the containment (time of renewal) of the water. The  containment of water can be physical, such as in a  lake or even in a slow river that works as a batch  (upstream waters do not mix with downstream  waters), or it can be dynamic.   The notion of dynamic containment is mostly relevant  for marine areas. Geological features such as the  shape of the bottom of the sea, the shape of the  shores, physical conditions such as streams, or large  turbulent areas, and tidal movements, allow some  large marine areas to be really contained, exhibiting  very little water renewal. This is known as dynamic  containment. In other cases, due to tidal effects, and/or streams,  some areas that would seem to be prone to containment  see their waters regularly renewed and are not  contained at all and are therefore very unlikely to  become eutrophic. Other physical factors influence eutrophication of  water bodies. Thermal stratification of stagnant water  bodies (such as lakes and reservoirs), temperature  and light influence the development of aquatic algae. Increased light and temperature conditions during  spring and summer explain why eutrophication is a  phenomenon that occurs mainly during these seasons. Eutrophication itself affects the penetration of  light through the water body because of the shadow  effect coming from the development of algae and  other living organisms and this reduces photosynthesis in deep water layers, and aquatic grass and  weeds bottom development. Main consequences  of eutrophication The major consequence of eutrophication concerns  the availability of oxygen. Plants, through photosynthesis,  produce oxygen in daylight. On the contrary, in  darkness all animals and plants, as well as aerobic  microorganisms and decomposing dead organisms,  respire and consume oxygen. These two competitive  processes are dependent on the development of the  biomass. In the case of severe biomass accumulation,  the process of oxidation of the organic matter that has  formed into sediment at the bottom of the water body  will consume all the available oxygen. Even the oxygen  contained in sulphates (SO4  2-) will be used by  some specific bacteria. This will lead to the release of  sulphur (S2-) that will immediately capture the free oxygen  still present in the upper layers. Thus, the water  body will loose all its oxygen and all life will disappear.  This is when the very specific smell of rotten eggs, originating  mainly from sulphur, will appe ar.   In parallel with these changes in oxygen concentration  other changes in the water environment occur: Changes in algal population: During eutrophication, macroalgae, phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates,  chlorophytes) and cyanobacteria, which  depend upon nutrients, light, temperature and water  movement, will experience excessive growth. From  a public health point of view, the fact that some of  these organisms can release toxins into the water or  be toxic themselves is important.   Changes in zooplankton, fish and shellfish population: Where eutrophication occurs, this part of the ecosystem is the first to demonstrate changes. Being most sensitive to oxygen availability, these species may die from oxygen limitation or from changes in the chemical composition of the water such as the excessive alkalinity that occurs during intense photosynthesis. Ammonia toxicity in fish for example is much higher in alkaline waters. Effects of eutrophication The effects of eutrophication on the environment may, have deleterious consequences for the health of exposed animal and human populations, through various pathways. Specific health risks appear when fresh water, extracted from eutrophic areas, is used for the production of drinking water. Severe impacts can also occur during animal watering in eutrophic waters. Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria blooms Algae display varying degrees of complexity depending on the organization of their cells. Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria may colonize marine, brackish or fresh waters wherever conditions of light, temperature and nutrients are favourable. Cyanobacteria have been largely studied in fresh water systems, due to their ability to proliferate, to  form massive surface scums, and to produce toxins that have been implicated in animal or human poisoning. Some species of algae may also contain toxins, but incidents where fresh water algae are at the origin  of cases of human or animal illness have very seldom been reported. Coloured toxic tides caused by algal overgrowth have been known to exist for many centuries. In fact the Bible (Exodus, 7: 20-24) states all the water of the Nile river became red as blood and fish which were in the river died. And the river was poisoned and the Egyptians could not drink its waters. Algal blooms were observed in 1638 by fishermen in north west of Iceland. Fjords were reported to be stained blood red and during the night produced a kind of phosphorescence. The fishermen thought that the colours could be due to the blood of fighting whales or to some marine insects or plants (Olafsson and Palmsson, 1772). The first scientific report of domestic animals dying from poisoning as a consequence of drinking water that was affected by a blue/green algae  bloom was in 1878 in lake Alexandrina, Australia. In coastal and estuarine systems, however, where  conditions are less favourable to the proliferation of  cyanobacteria, which need oligo-elements such as iron, toxic algae such as dinoflagellates have been observed and have been at the origin of health  troubles. There is growing evidence that nutrients,  especially nitrogen, favour the duration and frequency  of such toxic blooms, and concentrations of toxin in  the cells. Health effects linked to toxins of cyanobacteria in  fresh waters Some cyanobacteria have the capacity to produce  toxins dangerous to human beings. Toxins can be  found either free in the water where the bloom occurs  or bound to the algal or cyanobacterial cell. When the  cells are young (during the growth phase), 70 to 90%  of the toxins are cell bound, whereas when the cells Cyanobacteria have been largely studied in fresh  water systems, due to their ability to proliferate, to  form massive surface scums, and to produce toxins  that have been implicated in animal or human poisoning. Some species of algae may also contain toxins,  but incidents where fresh water algae are at the origin  of cases of human or animal illness have very seldom  been reported. Coloured toxic tides caused by algal overgrowth have been known to exist for many centuries. In fact the  Bible (Exodus, 7: 20-24) states all the water of the  Nile river became red as blood and fish which were in  the river died. And the river was poisoned and the  Egyptians could not drink its waters. Algal blooms were observed in 1638 by fishermen in  north west of Iceland. Fjords were reported to be stained  blood red and during the night produced a kind of  phosphorescence. The fishermen thought that the  colours could be due to the blood of fighting whales or  to some marine insects or plants (Olafsson and Palmsson,  1772). The first scientific report of domestic animals  dying from poisoning as a consequence of drinking  water that was affected by a blue/green algae  bloom was in 1878 in lake Alexandrina, Australia. In coastal and estuarine systems, however, where  conditions are less favourable to the proliferation of  cyanobacteria, which need oligo-elements such as  iron, toxic algae such as dinoflagellates have been  observed and have been at the origin of health  troubles. There is growing evidence that nutrients,  especially nitrogen, favour the duration and frequency  of such toxic blooms, and concentrations of toxin in  the cells. Health effects linked to toxins of cyanobacteria in  fresh waters Some cyanobacteria have the capacity to produce  toxins dangerous to human beings. Toxins can be  found either free in the water where the bloom occurs  or bound to the algal or cyanobacterial cell. When the  cells are young (during the growth phase), 70 to 90%  of the toxins are cell bound, whereas when the cells fresh waters. People may be exposed to toxins  through the consumption of contaminated drinking  water, direct contact with fresh water or the inhalation  of aerosols. Toxins induce damage in animals and  humans by acting at the molecular level and consequently  affecting cells, tissues and organs (Table 3). The nervous, digestive, respiratory and cutaneous  systems may be affected. Secondary effects can be  observed in numerous organs. Age or physiological  conditions of the affected individual may determine the  severity of the symptoms. A variety of symptoms,  depending on the toxins implicated, are observed  such as fatigue, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, sore  throat, fever and skin irritations. Cyanotoxins can be classified into three groups: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hepatotoxins. These are the most frequently observed cyanotoxins.  Experiments using mice indicate that they cause liver  injury and can lead to death from liver haemorrhage  and cardiac failure within a few hours of exposure at  acute doses. Chronic exposure induces liver injury  and promotes the growth of tumours. Questions remain concerning the effects of repeated  exposures to low levels of toxins. Animal experiments  have shown liver injury from repeated oral exposure to  microcystins, the most frequently observed cyanotoxins. It is thought that the high prevalence13 of liver  cancer observed in some areas of China could be due  to the presence of microcystins in water supplies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Neurotoxins. These are generally less common and act on the nervous  system. In mice and aquatic birds, they cause  rapid death by respiratory arrest, sometimes occurring  in a few minutes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dermatotoxins. These induce irritant and allergenic responses in tissues  by simple contact. The global toxicity of a cyanobacterial proliferation is  not constant in time or space, making it difficult to  assess the health threat although some acute poisonings  have led to death (Tables 3 and 4). The release of cyanotoxins in water has been at the  origin of several outbreaks affecting animal or human  health (Case studies p. f12). About 75% of cyanobacterial  blooms are accompanied by toxin production. The presence of cyanobacterial toxins after potabilization  treatment represents a health threat for patients  undergoing renal dialysis treatment. Monitoring of eutrophication   Monitoring is useful if it is performed for a purpose. The main reasons for monitoring a water body for  eutrophication are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To prevent the occurence of eutrophication; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Early warning purposes. Public health authorities  need to know when eutrophication is likely to start in  order to allow them to implement preventive actions; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To know the level of development of the process, and have a precise picture of the quality of the water. This is mostly relevant for water companies, which  have to deal with eutrophic waters; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Research. The reality is that monitoring systems are often multipurpose. Monitoring and management  of cyanobacterial growth in fresh waters  for public health purposes Chorus and Bartram (1999) have proposed the following  monitoring and management scheme to water  treatment plant operators and managers as an alert  level framework. It provides a graduated response to  the onset and progress of a cyanobacteria bloom. This tool initially comes from Australia. Three response  levels are defined: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Vigilance Level is defined by the detection of one colony, or five filaments, of a cyanobacterium in a 1 ml  water sample. When the Vigilance Level is exceeded,  it is recommended that the affected water body is  sampled more frequently at least once a week, so  that potentially rapid changes in cyanobacteria biomass  can be monitored. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Alert Level 1 is initiated when 2,000 cyanobacterial  cells per ml or 0.2 mm3/l biovolume23 or 1 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l chlorophyll- a24 are detected. Alert Level 1 condition  requires an assessment to be made of the total toxin  concentration in the raw water. A consultation should  be held with the health authorities for on-going  assessment of the status of the bloom and of the suitability  of treated water for human consumption. Monitoring  should be conducted at least once per week. It may also be appropriate at this time to issue advisory notices to the public through the media or other means. Government departments or interested authorities or those with legal responsibilities should also be contacted, as should organizations that treat or care for members of the public with special needs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Alert Level 2 is initiated when 100,000 cells per ml or 10-mm3/l biovolume or 50 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l chlorophyll-a are detected, with the presence of toxins confirmed by chemical or bioassay techniques. This density of cells corresponds to an established, toxic bloom with high biomass and possibly also localized scums. In this situation there is a need for effective water treatment systems and an assessment of the performance of the system. Hydro-physical measures to reduce cyanobacteria growth may still be attempted. If efficient water treatments are not available (see technical annex), a contingency water supply plan should be activated. In extreme situations, safe drinking water should be supplied to consumers in tanks and bottles. Media releases and contact with consumers should be undertaken via mail of leaflets informing that water may present danger for human consumption but is still suitable for the purposes of washing, laundry and toilet flushing. National water quality monitoring programs Few national water quality monitoring programmes include parameters which indicate eutrophication or a risk of algal or cyanobacterial overgrowth. In Europe, North America, Japan and Australia, local monitoring plans which check the occurrence of toxic species in areas where shellfish or fish are consumed, are implemented. This is based on sampling at strategic points and analysis of phytoplankton and/or shellfish. The frequency of sampling generally depends on the sea- son. Table 6 summarizes the monitoring systems in some EU Member States. They only allow the monitoring of toxic blooms, which are only a part of the eutrophication consequences. Technologies such as satellite imaging can be used to monitor large water bodies. The same technique can be applied to monitor the extent of high chlorophyll-a concentrations reflecting the phytoplankton biomass of the upper layers of the eutrophic area. Possible parameters used for monitoring purposes According to the definition of eutrophication, it is clear that formulae such as an increase of x grams of bottom macrophytes per square meter or y micrograms chlorophyll-a per litre are not suitable to define a threshold, which, when exceeded, will describe eutrophication. Such unique parameter does not exist. Moreover, in order to define the magnitude of eutrophication, two measurements are required: That of the system in its reference conditions, and in its current or predicted future condition. As baseline data for a site is the exception rather than the rule, this makes it difficult to test eutrophication using a case-by-case approach. Nevertheless, as the first signs of adverse eutrophication is a decrease in the oxygen concentration in the lower layers of the water body of stagnant waters, and an increase in pH due to photosynthesis (CO2 depletion), these parameters, together with direct microscopic observations, are likely to be the only ones that can help forecast the likelihood of the start of such a process as long as a model integrating physical conditions, nutrient inputs and biological effects has not been locally validated. Prevention25,26 The causes that drive eutrophication are multiple and the mechanisms involved are complex. Several elements should be considered in order to assess the possible actions aimed at counteracting nutrient enrichment of water supplies. The use of computerised models now allows a better understanding of the role of each factor, and forecasting the efficiency of various curative and preventive measures. The best way to avoid eutrophication is to try to disrupt those mechanisms that are under human control; this clearly means to reduce the input of nutrients into the water basins. Such a control unfortunately does not have a linear effect on the eutrophication intensity. Integrated management should comprise: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identification of all nutrient sources. Such information can be acquired by studies of the catchment area of the water supply. Knowledge of industrial activities, discharge practices and localization, as well as agricultural practices (fertilizer contribution/plant use and localization of crops) is necessary in order to plan and implement actions aiming at limiting the nutrient enrichment of water. The identification of sewage discharge points, agricultural practices, the nature of the soil, the vegetation, and the interaction between the soil and the water can be of great help in knowing which areas should be targeted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Knowledge of the hydrodynamics of the water body, particularly the way nutrients are transported, and of the vulnerability of the aquifer, will allow determination of the ways by which the water is enriched with nutrients. Anthropogenic nutrient point sources such as nontreated industrial and domestic wastewater discharge can be minimized by systematic use of wastewater treatments. In sensitive aeras, industries and local authorities should control the level of nutrients in the treated wastewater by the use of specific denitrification or phosphorus removal treatments. Diffuse anthropogenic nutrient sources can be controlled by soil conservation techniques and fertilizer restrictions. Knowledge of the agronomic balance (ratio of fertilizer contribution to plant use) is very relevant to optimize the fertilization practice and to limit the loss of nutrients. Diffuse nutrient losses will be reduced by implementation at farm level of good practices such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fertilization balance, for nitrogen and phosphorus, e.g. adequation of nutrients supply to the needs of the crop with reasonable expected yields, taking into account soil and atmospheric N supply. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regular soil nutrients analysis, fertilization plans and registers at plot level. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sufficient manure storage capacities, for spreading of manure at appropriate periods. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Green cover of soils during winter, use of catchcrops in crop rotations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unfertilized grass buffer strips (or broad hedges) along watercourses and ditches. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promotion of permanent grassland, rather than temporary forage crops. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prevention of erosion of sloping soils. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Precise irrigation management (e.g. drip irrigation, fertilisation, soil moisture control). In coastal areas, improvement in the dispersion of nutrients, either through the multiplication of discharge points or through the changing of their localization, can help to avoid localized high levels of nutrients. Reuse and recycling, in aquaculture and agriculture, of waters rich in nutrients can be optimized in order to avoid discharge into the water body and direct consumption of the nutrients by the local flora and fauna. Water resources are environmental assets and therefore have a price. There are market-based methods to estimate costs and benefits, and these make it possible to use cost- benefit analysis as a useful tool to assess the economic effects of abatement of eutrophication or other pollution problems. Benefits range from higher quality drinking water and reduced health risks (Photo 29) to improved recreational uses (Photo 30). The effects on human health from the lack of sanitation and the chronic effects of toxic algal blooms are two of the many indirect effects resulting from eutrophication. Numerous cost-benefit analyses of pollution abatement have clearly demonstrated that the total costs to society of no pollution reduction is much higher than at least a reasonable pollution reduction. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the prevention of pollution and restoration of water quality in lakes and reservoirs from an economic standpoint. The result of such examinations should be appli ed to assess effluent charges and green taxes. International experience shows that these economic instruments are reasonably effective in improving water quality and solving related water pollution problems. Thus, effective planning and management of lakes and reservoirs depends not only on a sound understanding of these water-bodies as ecological systems but also of their value to people as recreational areas and water resources. In the past, several management strategies were developed and applied to solve problems of decreasing surface and groundwater quality. These were often a response to acute critical situations resulting in increased costs of water. The demand for good quality fresh water was only solved partially and locally; this was because too few resources were allocated too late to solve the problems. Early prevention is by far the cheapest method to avoid later pollution. Eutrophication Management Recognizing that the specific needs of policy-makers and administrators are usually different from those of the strictly technical audience, the primary purpose of this digest is to provide quantitative tools for assessing the state of eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs; to provide a framework for developing cost-effective eutrophication management strategies; to provide a basis upon which strategies can be tailored for each specific case according to the physical, social, institutional, regulatory and economic characteristics of the local area or region; and to provide specific technical guidance and case studies regarding the effective management of eutrophication. The approach presented in this document (Figure 1) also is sufficiently general that it can be applied, with relative little modification, to the assessment of other environmental problems and to the development of effective management strategies for such problems. An approach for achieving the basic objectives stated above consists of the following components, applied approximately in the order presented: identify eutrophication problem and establish management goals; assess the extent of information available about the lake/reservoir; identify available options for management of eutrophication; analyze all costs and expected benefits of alternative management/control options; analyze adequacy of existing institutional and regulatory framework for implementing alternative management strategies; select desired control strategy and distribute summary to interested parties prior to implementation; and provide periodic progress reports on control programme to public and other interested parties. designation of bad (unacceptable) versus good (acceptable) water quality in this digest is based on the specific intended use or uses of the water resource. That is, water quality management goals for a lake or reservoir should be a function of the major purpose(s) for which the water is to be used. Obviously, there are water quality conditions to be avoided because of their interference with water uses. Ideally, for example, a lake or reservoir used as a drinking water supply should have water quality as close to an oligotrophy state as possible, since this would insure that only a minimum amount of pre-treatment would be necessary to yield a water suitable for human consumption. For such a waterbody, the content of phytoplankton (and their metabolic products) in the water should be as low as possible to facilitate this goal. Further, if the water is taken from the bottom waters of a lake during the summer (usually the period of maximum algal growth), it should be free of interferring substances resulting from decomposition of dead algal cells. Eutrophic lakes and reservoirs also could be used as a drinking water supply. However, extensive pre-treatment would be necessary before the water was suitable for human consumption. Some water uses may require no treatment at all, regardless of the existing water quality. Examples are fire-fighting purposes and the transport of commercial goods by ship. Further, in areas with extremely limited water resources, virtually all of the water may be used for various purposes (with or without treatment), regardless of its quality. Therefore, although humans can use water exhibiting a range of water quality, there is a desirable or optimal water quality for virtually any type of water usage. Though it is not quantitative in nature, a summary of intended water uses and the optimal versus minimally-acceptable trophic state for such uses is provided in Table 3. In addition, an example of the values of several commonly measured water quality parameters corresponding to different trophic conditions, based on the international eutrophication study of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1982), is provided in Table 4. Thus, it is possible to identify acce ptable or optimal water quality for given water uses. Given these factors, a prudent approach in setting eutrophication management goals is to determine the minimum water quality and trophic conditions acceptable for the primary use or uses of the lake or reservoir (Table 1), and attempt to manage the water body so that these conditions are achieved. In a given situation, if the primary use or uses of a waterbody is hindered by existing water quality, or else requires water quality or trophic conditions not being met in the waterbody, this signals the need for remedial or control programmes to achieve the necessary in-lake conditions. 21 the problem? The governmental role It is recognized that a range of different forms of government, as well as economic conditions, exist around the world. Consequently it is difficult to provide general guidelines regarding the role of the government in environmental protection efforts that will cover all possible situations. However, virtually all nations also contain some type of civil service infrastructure which, if properly used, can be an effective instrument with which to address governmental concerns. Even so, as noted earlier, not all